Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics
Volume 15, Issue 1 , Pages 29-35 , January 2005

Biomechanics of rotational instability and anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

  • Andrew A. Amis, DSc (Eng)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    • Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Andrew A. Amis, DSc (Eng), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
  • ,
  • Anthony M.J. Bull, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
  • ,
  • Denny T.T. Lie, FRCS Ed

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

References 

  1. Hughston JC , Andrews JR , Cross MJ , et al.   Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1976;58A:159–172
  2. Ellison AE . Distal iliotibial-band transfer for anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1979;61A:330–337
  3. Losee RE , Johnson TR , Southwick WO . Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau (A diagnostic test and operative repair) . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1978;60A:1015–1030
  4. MacIntosh DL , Darby TA . Lateral substitution reconstruction . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1976;58B:142
  5. Butler DL , Noyes FR , Grood ES . Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1980;62A:259–270
  6. Daniel DM , Malcom LL , Losse G , et al.   Instrumented measurement of anterior laxity of the knee . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1985;67A:720–726
  7. Piziali RL , Seering WP , Nagel DA , et al.   The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral motions . J Biomech . 1980;13:777–784
  8. Amis AA . Anterior cruciate ligament replacement knee stability and the effects of implants . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1989;71B:819–824
  9. Nordt WE , Lotfi P , Plotkin E , et al.   The in vivo assessment of tibial motion in the transverse plane in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees . Am J Sports Med . 1999;27:611–616
  10. Amis AA , Scammell BE . Biomechanics of intraarticular and extraarticular reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1993;75B:812–817
  11. Fukubayashi T , Torzilli PA , Sherman MF , et al.   An in vitro biomechanical evaluation of anterior-posterior motion of the knee. Tibial displacement, rotation, and torque . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1982;64A:258–264
  12. Slocum DB , Larson RL . Rotatory instability of the knee—its pathogenesis and a clinical test to demonstrate its presence . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1968;50A:211–225
  13. Andersen HN , Dyhre-Poulsen P . The anterior cruciate ligament does play a role in controlling axial rotation of the knee . Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc . 1997;5:145–149
  14. Lane JG , Daniel D . The anterior cruciate ligament in controlling axial rotation . Am J Sports Med . 1994;22:289–293
  15. Amis AA , Bull AMJ , Gupte CM , et al.   Biomechanics of the PCL and related structures (Posterolateral, posteromedial and meniscofemoral ligaments) . Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthrosc . 2003;11:271–281
  16. Robinson JR , Sanchez-Ballester J , Bull AMJ , et al.   The posteromedial corner revisited—an anatomical description of the passive restraining structures of the medial aspect of the human knee . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 2004;86B:674–681
  17. Markolf KL , Mensch JS , Amstutz HC . Stiffness and laxity of the knee—the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1976;58A:583–594
  18. Seering WP , Piziali RL , Nagel DA , et al.   The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in varus-valgus and axial rotation . J Biomech . 1980;13:785–794
  19. Norwood LA , Andrews JR , Meisterling RC , et al.   Acute anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1979;61A:704–709
  20. Lipke JM . Role of incompetence of the anterior cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments in anterolateral and anteromedial instability. A biomechanical study of cadaver knees . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1981;63A:954–960
  21. Wroble RR , Grood ES , Cummings JS , et al.   The role of the lateral extraarticular restraints in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee . Am J Sports Med . 1993;21:257–263
  22. Kaneda Y , Moriya H , Takahashi K , et al.   Experimental study on external tibial rotation of the knee . Am J Sports Med . 1997;25:796–800
  23. Wang CJ , Walker PS . Rotatory laxity of the human knee joint . J Bone Jt Surg Am . 1974;56A:161–170
  24. Mannel H , Claes L , Durselen L . Anterior cruciate ligament rupture translates the axes of motion within the knee . Clin Biomech . 2004;19:130–135
  25. Amis AA . Biomechanics of ligaments . In:  Jenkins DHR editors. Ligament Injuries and Their Treatment . London: Chapman and Hall; 1985;p. 3–28
  26. Kujala UM , Nelimarkka O , Koskinen SK . Relationship between the pivot shift and the configuration of the lateral tibial plateau . Arch Orthop Trauma Surg . 1992;111:228–229
  27. Kaplan N , Wickiewicz TL , Warren RF . Primary surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. A long-term follow-up study . Am J Sports Med . 1990;18:354–358
  28. Noyes FR , Mooar PA , Matthews DS , et al.   The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part I (the long-term functional disability in athletically active individuals) . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1983;65A:154–162
  29. Bull AMJ , Amis AA . The pivot shift phenomenon (A clinical and biomechanical perspective) . Knee . 1998;5:141–158
  30. Galway HR , MacIntosh DL . The lateral pivot shift (A symptom and sign of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency) . Clin Orthop . 1980;147:45–50
  31. Hughston JC , Andrews JR , Cross MJ , et al.   Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part II. The lateral compartment . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1976;58A:173–179
  32. Matsumoto H . Mechanism of the pivot shift . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1990;72B:816–821
  33. Noyes FR , Grood ES , Cummings JF , et al.   An analysis of the pivot shift phenomenon. The knee motions and subluxations induced by different examiners . Am J Sports Med . 1991;19:148–155
  34. Bull AMJ , Andersen HN , Basso O , et al.   Incidence and mechanism of the pivot shift (an in vitro study) . Clin Orthops . 1999;363:219–231
  35. Bull AMJ , Earnshaw PH , Smith A , et al.   Intraoperative measurement of knee kinematics in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 2002;84B:1075–1081
  36. Jakob RP , Staubli HU , Deland JT . Grading the pivot-shift. Objective tests with implications for treatment . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1987;69B:294–299
  37. Zavras TD , Race A , Bull AMJ , et al.   A comparative study of ‘isometric’ points for anterior cruciate ligament graft attachment . Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthrosc . 2001;9:28–33
  38. Scopp JM , Jasper LE , Belkoff SM , et al.   The effect of oblique femoral tunnel placement on rotational constraint of the knee reconstructed using patellar tendon autografts . Arthroscopy . 2004;20:294–299
  39. Amis AA , Dawkins GPC . Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament (Fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries) . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1991;73B:260–267
  40. Mott HW . Semitendinosus anatomic reconstruction for cruciate ligament insufficiency . Clin Orthop . 1983;172:90–92
  41. Radford WJP , Amis AA . Biomechanics of a double prosthetic ligament in the anterior cruciate deficient knee . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 1990;73B:1038–1043
  42. Yagi M , Wong EK , Kanamori A , et al.   Biomechanical analysis of an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction . Am J Sports Med . 2002;30:660–666
  43. Adachi N , Ochi M , Uchio Y , et al.   Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (Single versus double-bundle multistranded hamstring tendons) . J Bone Jt Surg Br . 2004;86B:515–520

 Supported by the Arthritis Research Campaign, a charity based in Chesterfield, UK. Dr. Lie was supported by the Singapore Government.

PII: S1048-6666(04)00082-5

doi: 10.1053/j.oto.2004.10.009

Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics
Volume 15, Issue 1 , Pages 29-35 , January 2005